The HafenCity core location has sustainable qualities Essay

The HafenCity center area has manageable characteristics - Essay Example These standards are fundamental in characterizing the coherence and trustworthiness of urban planned frameworks. This in the long run would result to the organizers having an idea on the most proficient method to design and foresee urban biological and financial advancements points of view. Moreover, it will upgrade the harmonization, trustworthiness and common consistency with the expectation and urban advancement records. Accordingly, urban improvements that are economical should concentrate on goals that are long haul. Notwithstanding that, it should address the current ecological and financial issues existing in the urban areas and furthermore center around future preconditions (Vanags and Grizans, 2010, p.1100). Urban communities are viewed as regional and financial unit in which monetary and business exercises are completed, openings for work are made, rise of new advancements happen. In spite of the benefits of Hafencity Humbug city extension, it presents dangers to the manageability of the earth as it will prompt expanded populace and modern development. In such cases, the interest for urban assets will radically increment and thusly the measure of waste stream. The urban organizers may endeavor to give upgrades to the neighborhood condition while insufficiently tending to issues, for example, the exhaustion of the ozone layer and a dangerous atmospheric devation which are portrayed by urban conduct outside effects. In this way, in such a specific circumstance, urban practical advancement ought to be seen as a more extensive objective of essential fixing, moving in the direction of accomplishing a feasible worldwide turn of events. These objectives are veered towards the advancement of be tween generational value, geological value, social equity and natural stewardship (Haughton 1997, p.193). Notwithstanding that, the archives used to detail city procedures are wide and might overlook significant data expected to screen the

The Social Downfall of Salinas Gangs

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction Use of brutality Gangs against one another Negative effects of packs Why adolescents join groups Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Salinas is the biggest district in the Monterey County in California. It has a few neighborhood groups, for example, Surreno and Norteno that carry out different wrongdoings. The wrongdoings the packs submit incorporate burglary, manslaughter and lawful offense ambush among others. It is assessed that they are more than sixty dynamic packs in the Monterey County.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Social Downfall of Salinas Gangs explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The posses include around 5000 individuals who include in various degrees of wrongdoing. Sixteen of the packs are found in Salinas with around 3000 individuals. The posses release brutality on the individuals in Salinas including kids paying little heed to their age. The packs in Salinas used unrefined weapons, f or example, blades, binds and custom made firearms to assault the occupants of Salinas in the prior years yet at present they use handguns, shotguns, explosives, programmed rifles and Molotov rifles. A portion of the zones in Salinas where the packs work are so vicious, they take after combat areas, and numerous individuals are compelled to rests on floors to abstain from being shot (Gangs 1). Group viciousness in Salinas is high and the general public has been influenced contrarily. Utilization of savagery The groups in Salinas use viciousness to impart dread in the network consequently gain control over the individuals as they bovine under dread and danger. The groups murder individuals as they gather income from posse exercises as Salinas fills in as an entryway for dealing of medications, for example, cocaine and heroin among others (Lee 1). The gangs’ movement has been on the ascent and the size of savagery saw in Salinas is extremely high thinking about that Salinas has a populace of beneath 250, 000 individuals. The murder occurrences identified with packs are on the expansion and in 2009, the quantity of manslaughter casualties remained at 26 (Parsons 1). Posses against one another Gangs in Salinas frequently battle against one another and as the groups participate in shootouts stray projectiles harm honest individuals, for example, the 6-year-old kid who was executed by a wanderer shot as he played inside his home. Besides, a wanderer slug struck a 10-year-old young lady as she strolled home during a posse drive by shootout (Lee 1). The groups additionally participate in retaliatory shootouts and blameless individuals are trapped in the line of fire losing their lives. Antagonistic effects of packs Gang exercises in Salinas demolish the general public socially and monetarily as individuals are compelled to close their organizations in posse zones because of terrible discernment, which additionally disheartens financial specialists. The conclusi on of organizations expands joblessness levels and more young people get into groups to bring in cash. Furthermore, groups assault ladies and kids making the general public extremely risky. As such, the posses influence Salinas’ entire population.Advertising Looking for exposition on morals? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gang brutality prompts weakening of families as they attempt to adapt to the misfortunes of their darling or high hospital expenses for those harmed by the posses and builds the clinical expenses. Also, the training of the young people who join the packs is influenced as most drop out of school. Subsequent to dropping out of school, one can't get beneficial work because of scholarly underachievement in this manner people just as the general public countenances financial underdevelopment (Mendoza 5). Why adolescents join groups Many youngsters join the Salina packs while still in school, as schools are acceptable reason for enrollment. For example, Alisal High School had the issue of pack viciousness, high dropout rate and poor scholastic execution (Goodfellow 51). Understudies are tricked into the groups because of elements, for example, peer pressure, energy, neediness, insurance and the mainstream society that holds onto savagery as found in melodies and films. Understudies who need parental direction and security look for it in the groups where they feel a feeling of having a place henceforth insurance. The individuals who originate from poor foundations join the packs to bring in cash while others simply join the groups to straighten something up and fervor of shaking firearms like the their saints in motion pictures do. The youthful school going youngsters are defenseless against joining posses and deliberate endeavors from both the legislature and guardians is required to guarantee that the kids don't become individuals from groups by giving them appropriate direction a nd instructing them on the threats of joining packs as they could likewise wind up turning out to be casualties of their adversary packs. On the other hand, the expansion of posse individuals can be accused on guardians who have ignored their youngsters instead of their professions. The guardians leave their kids unattended for significant stretches and the solo condition makes kids powerless against posses. A few guardians are not associated with their children’s live and neglect to see that their youngsters have become individuals from groups as certain guardians accept that their kids can't be individuals from posses just other kids can be individuals (History of packs 1). What's more, youngsters are additionally having children and wound up joining packs, as they can't take of their children. Others join the packs because of medication use as the unaided conditions make kids powerless against drugs. Moreover, the legislature likewise shares the fault of the expansion of g roups in Salina because of the nearness of scarcely any cops consequently they can't handle the pack issue adequately. Firearms are effectively accessible in Salinas consequently posses obtain them effectively as they have gotten innovatively progressed and no longer depend on weapons, for example, blades (Hunter 1).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Social Downfall of Salinas Gangs explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion There is the need to keep kids from joining packs. The counteraction endeavors must include everybody in the general public from the legislature, the police, guardians and instructors. Kids must be debilitated from utilizing viciousness on others as it prompts the destruction of the entire society. Guardians must discover time for their youngsters to offer them direction and a feeling of having a place with the goal that they don't look for it from the groups. The guardians should likewise work more diligently to acco mmodate their youngsters with the goal that they don't need and want to join the groups. The legislature must expand the financial plan in Salinas to utilize more police to manage the expanded degree of viciousness and stem out groups from the general public. Educators have a duty of controlling the kids to direct of groups as most are enlisted in schools. All the more critically, youngsters ought to be disheartened from rehearsing what they see in the mainstream society as the way of life loves savagery, which the kids disguise, and practice. Except if brutality is controlled from its underlying foundations not exclusively is the fate of Salinas in danger, yet in addition that of the entire nation as well. Works Cited Gangs. 2011. Web. Goodfellow, Graham. â€Å"These Rotarians.† The Rotarian, 59.3. 1-64. History of packs. 2011. Web. Tracker, Chris. Standing up to Salina’s posses. 2010. Web.Advertising Searching for paper on morals? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Lee, Vic. Norteno and Surreno packs assaulted in Salinas, 2010. Web. Mendoza, Georgina. Salinas far reaching methodology for network wide brutality decrease 2010-2012. 2010. Web. Parsons, Larry. Shooting passing imprints 26 manslaughters in Salinas. 2009. Web. This exposition on The Social Downfall of Salinas Gangs was composed and presented by client Gideon Cash to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Synthesis Techniques for Fabrication of Nanofibers

Combination Techniques for Fabrication of Nanofibers Section # 02 Combination Techniques Presentation The diverse combination methods for manufacture of nanofibers and nanoparticles will be talked about quickly in this section. The chose methods and the exploratory methodology for the combination of the nanoparticles and composite nanofibers will be talked about in detail. Blend Techniques for Nanoparticles Blend technique being utilized for the readiness of nanomaterials is one of the most significant components that influence the various properties of the nanomaterials. There are two significant classes of union methods utilized for arrangement of nanoparticles Base up approach Top-down methodology Base up Approach Base up approach alludes to the union methods wherein nanoparticles are made from nuclear scale to nanoscale. There are various strategies which allude to base up approach Co-precipitation method Sol-gel method Wet-Chemical Methods In these strategies the forerunner arrangements with fitting stoichiometric proportions are combined and handled through warming bringing about the ideal item. Wet compound techniques are invaluable on the grounds that the molecule size and shape is controllable and furthermore the homogeneity in molecule size conveyance can be accomplished by these strategies [ref]. these variables assume an essential job in improving the various properties of the material, for example, basic properties, warm properties, electrical properties and so forth. The given instances of the base up strategy are arranged as wet-concoction procedures. In co-precipitation strategy, the forerunner arrangements are combined and are warmed at a fittingly chosen temperature. The nucleation happens accelerates are framed. The by side-effects are washed away and the came about powder is additionally prepared for the diverse wanted portrayals. Both the strategies are beneficial in their own specific manners yet sol-gel technique is increasingly helpful and effective strategy for the readiness of nanomaterials at properly chose conditions. Likewise the significant disadvantage of co-precipitation technique is the non-consistency of particles because of the serious agglomeration during the blend [ref] Top-down Approach In top-down methodology, the material is handled from mass state to nano system by various strategies. Strong state response technique is one of top-down strategies. Strong state Reaction Method In strong state response technique the antecedents are straightforwardly blended and ground into fine powder. The powder is additionally handled through pressure driven press and is pelletized for high warmth treatment for the most part said to sinter. The sintered pellet is described to check the ideal properties of the example. The procedure happens at the interface of the solids (antecedents) at higher temperature. The suitable preparing temperature and response time is chosen especially for the antecedents utilized. At higher temperature, the dispersion of reactants begins making the response start. For quicker response, high surface contact territory of the solids and little dispersion separation for the reactant is required which is accomplished by the well-blending of the forerunners [ref]. In spite of the fact that this is a minimal effort technique yet the significant disadvantage of this strategy is the non-homogeneity in molecule appropriation and size. Contamination in wanted stage is likewise presented during the granulating system of the forerunners. The ideal nanostructure is likewise difficult to accomplish by this procedure [ref 54]. Sol-gel Synthesis Technique for NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0) Sol-gel strategy is one of the wet-concoction strategies for the arrangement of the different nanostructures. The assortment of nanostructures can be delivered by controlling the different parameters of sol-gel procedure, for example, the kind of antecedents, dissolvable sort, preparing temperature and so on the significant bit of leeway of the sol-gel process over different techniques is the stage virtue of the item just as the homogeneity in the molecule size and molecule size circulation. This procedure includes two significant advances Hydrolysis Buildup Hydrolysis of the chose metal oxide antecedent happens framing the specific hydroxides. The buildup happens to frame a system of connected hydroxides as thick permeable gel. In sol-gel process the antecedent arrangements are combined with a reasonable gelling operator in properly chose proportion. The arrangement is then blended homogeneously and warmed until the gel is framed. The temperature is further raise to consume the gel which brings about powder development. The powder is heat treated and described to examine the ideal properties. Test Procedure Sol-gel technique is utilized for the readiness of structure NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0). the forerunners utilized are: Li2SO4.H2O (99.99% immaculateness), Cu(NO3)2.6H2O (99.99% virtue) and NaNO3 (99.99% immaculateness). The chose antecedents were included suitable stoichiometric sums into ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol was utilized as gelling specialist. The molar proportion between the complete mass of forerunners to the volume of the gelling specialist was kept 1:14 to accomplish the homogeneity. The arrangement was at first attractively mixed at room temperature to get the homogeneous arrangement. The arrangement was then warmed at 100Â ±2Â ºC until the development of the gel. The temperature of the gel was additionally expanded upto 150Â ±2Â ºC which made the gel consume. The came about powder was hen handled through pressure driven press to plan pellets of measurements 13mm x 3mm. the sintering of the pellets was done at 550 Â ºC for two hours to accomplish high stage immaculateness. The stream graph of the test system is given in figure 2.1 Union Techniques for Nanofibers There are various procedures used to manufacture nanofibers, some of them are referenced Drawing Format Synthesis Stage Separation Self-Assembly Electrospinning Brief detail of every one of these procedures is given beneath Drawing Attracting is the techniqus to manufacture long single nanofiber individually from the bead of polymer. Following advances are engaged with this procedure a substrate material is applied a millimeter drop of polymer arrangement a micropipette is moved towards the drop. When micropipette interacts with the drop, it is pulled back with a specific rate. which relies on the idea of the polymer arrangement. A long nanofiber is drawn from the fluid. The width of the resultant nanofiber relies upon the kind of the polymer, its creation, drawing speed and speed of vanishing of the dissolvable. The significant downside of this strategy is that solitary a solid viscoelastic material that can experience solid disfigurement during this procedure when stress is applied while pulling the nanofiber, can be utilized in this procedure. In this way, decision of material is restricted in this procedure. Layout Synthesis In layout blend, a metal oxide film having pores of nanoscale distance across is utilized. The metal oxide film is put over a hardening arrangement. Polymer arrangement is expelled by the film by applying high water pressure over it. Polymer arrangement subsequent to going through the film interacts with setting arrangement which changes over the polymer arrangement into nanofibers. The measurement of the nanofibers relies upon the width of the pores of layer. Fig. 2.2 show the various advances engaged with this procedure. Stage partition In this instrument, division of stages is included because of the physical incongruence. Following are the means in question A polymer is blended in with a reasonable dissolvable Gelation happens in this blend The last advance includes the partition of stages. One of the stages which is that of the dissolvable is removed abandoning the other outstanding stage. The rest of the stage is the nanofibrous structure. Self-Assembly Self-get together handling includes the littler atoms as essential structure squares to develop the nanofibers. Atoms are immediately composed into an individual and stable structure with prearranged non covalent bonds. Nanofibers of extremely slim distance across can be created utilizing this procedure yet it requires muddled methods. The low profitability is another impediment of this technique. Electrospinning This is the chosen amalgamation strategy for the ebb and flow explore work. Electrospinning is the most proficient and basic strategy to deliver ultra-slender nanofibers. There are various segments of the electrospinning arrangement which incorporate High voltage source Syringe Needle Metal Collector Schematic of electrospinning process High voltage source is utilized in this method. The positive finish of the source is associated with the needle while the metal gatherer is grounded by interfacing it with the negative finish of the voltage source. This makes the potential contrast between the two closures which quickens the polymer arrangement from the needle towards the gatherer as arrangement fly. Before the arrangement stream arrives at the gatherer surface, the dissolvable of the arrangement is vanished and is gathered as an interconnected snare of the filaments. The polymer arrangement in the needle is held because of its surface strain, which initiates a charge on the arrangement surface. The charge repugnance and constriction among the surface charge and its counter cathode causes a power that is legitimately inverse to the surface strain. As the power of the electric field expands, the hemispherical surface of the arrangement at the tip of the needle lengthens to frame a conelike shape called Taylor cone. As the electric field is additionally expanded, the awful electrostatic power conquers the surface pressure of the arrangement and fly of the arrangement is shot out from the Taylor cone. The launched out polymer arrangement experiences precariousness and stretching process which permits the stream to turn out to be long and slim. In the mean time the dissolvable is vanished from the polymer arrangement, abandoning a charged polymer fiber. In electrospinning tech

Capital Punishment Death Penalty - 2268 Words

Capital punishment (death penalty) is one of the most critical issue that has strong defenders and opponents and it have caused more heated arguments and discussions as consistent and strong as that of the argument . This kind of punishment is the most severe form in the U.S. todays and it has different type which lethal injection is the most common (â€Å"Ethics and Law†). Also, many religious arguments have conflict in both side of death penalty in justice and the sanctity of human life (Fagon) . All of these different views and debates on the death penalty caused this issue has become a complex and critical issue in the United States in recent years. also, this issue has been involved with concerns, such as the position of physicians in assisting in executions, and the likelihood of reform, equality of the criminal justice system, and improvement and rehabilitation amid individuals currently serving on death row. Make a decision on capital punishment is so complex and difficult for the federal government. Each side of defenders and opponents have their strong reasons. On the on e hand, offenders believe fear of death prevent people from committing crim. Also, they mention on the Violence Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 which stablished constitutional procedure for the impositionShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) 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There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

Bis 155 Week 2 Quiz Data Analysis with Spreadsheets with Lab

BIS 155 Week 2 Quiz Data Analysis with Spreadsheets with Lab To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/bis-155/bis-155-week-2-quiz-data-analysis-with-spreadsheets-with-lab (TCO 2) In Excel, a relative cell reference: (Points : 2) Indicates a cell’s specific location and the reference does not change when you copy the formula. Contains both an absolute and a relative cell reference Indicates a cell’s relative location from the cell containing the formula; the reference changes when you copy the formula Occurs when a formula directly or indirectly refers to the cell containing the formula (TCO 2) In Excel, an Argument would be best described by which of the following statements? (Points : 2) Calculates the total†¦show more content†¦(Points : 2) Contains another function embedded inside one or more of its arguments Evaluates a condition and returns one value if the condition is true and a different value if the condition is false Evaluates true or false Displays the current date and time (TCO 2) The _____ number is the number of the column in the lookup table that contains the return values. (Points : 2) Lookup value Column index Lookup table Random (TCO 2) To copy a formula, you may use the _____, which is found in the bottom right-hand corner of an active cell. (Points : 2) Sizing handle Pointer Fill handle Insertion point (TCO 2) One benefit of using range names in formulas is that _____ . (Points : 2) It directly or indirectly refers to the cell containing the formula It contains both an absolute and a relative cell reference It identifies the present value of the loan If you copy the formula, you do not have to make the cell reference absolute (TCO 2) The PMT function is best described by which of the following? (Points : 2) It is the periodic interest rate, such as a monthly interest rate It is the total number of payment periods It is the present value of a loan It calculates the periodic payment for a loan with a fixed interest rate and a fixed term (TCO 2) In Excel, a function can be defined as a _____. (Points : 2) Predefined formula that performs a calculation Cell reference or a value List of values and defined names as you enter

The Years 1918-1939, Which Separate World War I From World

The years 1918-1939, which separate World War I from World War II, witnessed profound changes in how technologically advanced military organizations would fight. In most of the cases, during peacetime, military innovation, and technological developments played an empowering or helping role in advancing profoundly new and more operative ways of fighting. In a narrow and strict sense, such innovative improvements were revolutionary. The technological revolution reached the battlefields and forever changed the way that armies required from the fragile airplanes and unreliable tanks of World War I to evolve into more sophisticated weapons by the late 1930s. Amount military innovations which influence the inter-war period, we will focus our†¦show more content†¦These principles are known as Die Truppenfuhrung and shaped the framework for the preparation and conduct of ground operations during World War II. This studies emphasized friction and uncertainty. It requires responsibili ty and exercises judgment for junior officers in the battlefield. It also focuses on the greater use of armored combined to army capabilities on maneuver. Consequently, to the influence of World War I boosted Germany to develop early by the 1920s the coherent combined arms doctrine that focused on decentralization command and control or mission type orders, speeding, surprising, or the aggressive exploitation of every weakness in enemy defensive systems. One of the lessons learned after the first world conflict is the necessity of using the third dimension on military operations. That assumption has been conceptualizing by theorist through doctrine and implements differently from one country to another. The doctrine concerning air force warfare was a direct influence of World War I as a revolution on this domain. The challenge of many military theorists concerned the emergence of the aircraft as a weapon and the adaptation of this emerging capability on military operations. One of the Airpower advocates Giulio Douhet consider the airpower as a tool to use to avoid trench warfare and dramatically shorten wars. Thus, aircraft would attack an enemy’s sources of assets and it is the key to destroying theShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization772 Words   |  4 Pagesself-actualization was introduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow s famous work â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† has drawn admiration and crit icisms from supporters and opponents alike. For Maslow, man quest for self-actualization falls within five hierarchical orders set up in a pyramid style. To become everything that one is capable of becoming, Maslow, noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow the standard progression. 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The Shadow Lines free essay sample

Written when the homes of the Sikhs were still smouldering, some of the most important questions the novel probes are the various faces of violence and the extent to which its fiery arms reach under the guise of fighting for freedom. Ghoshs treatment of violence in Calcutta and in Dhaka is valid even today, more than ten years after its publication. What has happened recently in Kosovo and in East Timor show that answers still evade the questions which Ghosh poses about freedom, about the very real yet non-existing lines which divide nations, people, and families. Much has been written about Amitav Ghoshs novels. The Novels of Amitav Ghosh, edited by R. K. Dhawan was published this year by Prestige Books, New Delhi. If I find it necessary to say something more about Ghoshs writing it is because this novel moved me as none other did in the recent times. The Shadow Lines is the story of the family and friends of the nameless narrator who for all his anonymity comes across as if he is the person looking at you quietly from across the table by the time the story telling is over and silence descends. Before that stage arrives the reader is catapulted to different places and times at breath taking tempo. The past, present and future combine and melt together erasing any kind of line of demarcation. Such lines are present mainly in the shadows they cast. There is no point of reference to hold on to. Thus the going away the title of the first section of the novel becomes coming home the title of the second section. These two titles could easily have been exchanged. The narrator is very much like the chronicler Pimen in Pushkins drama Boris Godonow. But unlike Pushkins Pimen this one is not a passive witness to all that happens in his presence, and absence. The very soul of the happenings, he is the comma which separates yet connects the various clauses of life lived in Calcuttta, London, Dhaka and elsewhere. The story starts about thirteen years before the birth of the narrator and ends on the night preceding his departure from London back to Delhi. He spends less than a year in London, researching for his doctorate work, but it is a London he knew very well even before he puts a step on its pavements. Two people have made London so very real to him Tridib, the second son of his fathers aunt, his real mentor and inspirer, and Ila his beautiful cousin who has travelled all over the world but has seen little compared to what the narrator has seen through his mental eye. London is also a very real place because of Tridibs and Ilas friends Mrs. Price, her daughter May, and son Nick. Like London comes alive due to the stories related by Ila and Tridib, Dhaka comes alive because of all the stories of her childhood told to him by his incomparable grandmother who was born there. The tragedy is that though the narrator spends almost a year in London and thus has ample opportunity to come to terms with its role in his life, it is Dhaka which he never visits that affects him most by the violent drama that takes place on its roads, taking Tridib away as one of its most unfortunate victims. Violence has many faces in this novel it is as much present in the marriage of Ila to Nick doomed to failure even before the yes word was spoken, as it is present on the riot torn streets of Calcutta or Dhaka. But the speciality of this novel is that this violence is very subtle till almost the end. When violence is dealt with, the idea is not to describe it explicitly like a voyeur but to look at it to comprehend its total senselessness. Thus the way violence is brought into the picture is extraordinarily sensitive: The narrator says, talking of the day riots tore Calcutta apart in 1964, I opened my mouth to answer and found I had nothing to say. All I could have told them was of the sound of voices running past the walls of my school, and of a glimpse of a mob in Park Circus. I have never experienced such a sound, but God, how these sentences get under the skin, how easy it is to hear that sound, how the heart beats faster on reading these sentences! There are many other reasons why The Shadow Lines is so special a book. It has many of the characteristics that elevate a book to the level of unforgettable literature. First of all there is this simple language. These days when doing acroba tics with words and language has become equivalent to paving new directions in the literary scene, it is heart warming to read a book in which straight forward language s used to convey what the author wants to say. And what messages are conveyed, what new ideas are unearthed! I am one of those readers who likes reading because of the power inherent in words. Whenever I read a new book, I always hope that the book contains sentences and words at least a couple of them that illuminate the heart and mind for a long time after reading, sentences which simply make life easier to live. There is a treasure of such sentences to be discovered in The Shadow Lines. For example, look at what Ghosh says about knowledge and ignorance: e knew the clarity of that image in his mind was merely the seductive clarity of ignorance; an illusion of knowledge created by a deceptive weight of remembered detail. And there is this most beautiful of all sentences I have read for a long, long time And yet , when I look at her (the grandmother), lying crumpled in front of me, her white thinning hair matted with her invalids sweat, my heart fills with love for her love and that other thing, which is not pity but something else, something the English language knows only in its absence ruth a tenderness which is not merely pity and not only love. It is this tenderness of feeling, this feeling of ruth of which the novel is so full of, which moves me. For all the violence that plays the central role in the novel, it is this abundant feeling of tenderness in the novel that the narrator feels for the people, for Tridib, for Ila, for the grandmother, for May, for Robi, that has remained with me. Ghosh is also a humorous writer. It is serious humour. Single words hide a wealth of meaning, for example, the way Tridibs father is always referred to as Shaheb, Ilas mother as Queen Victoria, or the way the grandmothers sister always remains Mayadebi without any suffix denoting the relationship. Also look at this passage that describes how the grandmother reacts on discovering that her old Jethamoshai is living with a Muslim family in Dhaka. She exchanged a look of amazement with Mayadebi. Do you know, she whispered to Robi, there was a time when that old man was so orthodox that he wouldnt let a Muslims shadow pass within ten feet of his food? And look at him now, paying the price of his sins. Ten feet! Robi explained to May in hushed whisper, marvelling at the precision of the measurement. How did he measure? he whispered back at my grandmother. Did he keep a tape in his pocket when he ate? No, no, my grandmother said impatiently. In those days many people followed rules like that; they had an instinct. Trignometry! , Robi cried in a triumphant aside to May. They must have known Trignometry. They probably worked it out like a sum: if the Muslim is standing under a twenty-two foot bulding, how far is his shadow? You see, were much cleverer than you: bet your grandfather couldnt tell when a Germans shadow was passing within ten feet of his food. As I read Robis comments, I laughed, at first. Then I had to swallow hard at centuries old injustice these words were trying to hint at. Finally, another important reason the novel succeeds is because the main characters are very real, almost perfectly rounded. I specially love the grandmother. She is the grandmother many of us recognise. In her fierce moral standards, spartan outlook of life, intolerance of any nonsense real and imagined, she is as real as any patriarch or matriarch worth the name. And there is this very loveable character of the narrator. It is that of a boy who warms your heart, it is that of a man who knows and has lost love more than once in his life and thus makes you feel like hugging him close to your heart. On all scores Amitav Ghoshs The Shadow Lines is a novel which must be read and re-read, thought about and discussed upon. It is a book that stays with the reader long after the last page has been turned and the light has been switched off.